开 心 文 学 （ 请牢记 ) （ 请牢记 ) 地址：en.ay16,1611¨CAugust12,1689),bornBenedettoOdescalchi,anCatholicChurchfrom1676to1689.

Contents[hide]

1Earlylife

2Papacy

2.1Election

2.2ReformingtheVaticanadministration

2.3Encyclicals

3Foreignrelations

3.1Relationsoin1611,andeandNaples,heldsuccessivelytheofficesofprotonotaryapostolic,presidentoftheapostolicchamber,commissaryoftheMarcodiRoma,andgovernorofMacerata;in1647,PopeInnocentX(1644¨C55)madehimCardinalDeaconaeDamiano.HeafterelegatetoFerrara.ine,thePopeintroducedhimtothepeopleofFerraraasthe"fatherofthepoor."In1650,OdescalchibecamebishopofNovara,inissionofthepopeheresignedasbishopofNovarainfavourofhisbrotherGiulioin1656ande.inentpartintheconsultationsofthevariouscongregationsofember.Inallthesecapacities,thesimplicityandpurityofcharacterbinedahighplaceinthepopularaffectionandesteem.[1]

[edit]Papacy

[edit]Election

CoatofArmsofPopeInnocentXI.Stylesof

PopeInnocentXI

ReferencestyleHisHoliness

SpokenstyleYourHoliness

ReligiousstyleHolyFather

PosthumousstyleBlessed

OdescalchientIX(1667¨C69)in1669,buttheFrenchgovernmentrejectedhim(makinguseofthenoentX(1670¨C76)died,LouisXIVofFrance(1643¨C1715)againintendedtousehisroyalinfluenceagainstOdescalchi‘‘ion.Instead,believingthecardinalsasanpeopleindintheirdesiretohaveOdescalchiastheirPope,LouisreluctantlyinstructedtheFrenchpartycardinalstoacquiesceinhiscandidacy.OnSeptember21,1676,OdescalchientX‘ssuccessorandtookthenameofInnocentXI.

[edit]ReformingtheVaticanadministration

Immediatelyuponhisaccession,InnocentXIturnedallhiseffortstoamongthecardinals.Helivedveryparsimoniouslyandexhortedthecardinalstodothesame.Inthismannerhenotonlysquaredtheannualdeficitof170,000scudi,buteeindeclaringandpracticallymanifestinghiszealasareformerofmannersandacorrectorofadministrativeabuses.Beginningoralstandardofliving.In1679hepubliclycondemnedsixty－fivepropositions,takenchieflyfromtheostlyJesuitcasuists,moralistarumandforbadeanyonetoteachthemunderpenaltyofexcommunication.[1]Hecondemnedinparticularthemostradicalformofmentalreservation(strictementalis)igueldeMolinos,InnocentXIneverthelessyieldedtotheenormouspressurebroughttobearuponhimtoconfirmin1687thejudgementoftheinquisitorsbyolinosnedasblasphemousandheretical.

[edit]Encyclicals

Sollicitudopastoralis(FosteringandPreservingtheOrdersofMenReligious)

CoelestisPastor(CondemningtheerrorsofMolinos)

[edit]Foreignrelations

InnocentXIdispatchedFerdinandod‘AddaasnunciototheKingdomofEngland,thefirstrepresentativeoftheChurchtogotothatlandinmorethanonehundredyears.Evenso,thePopedidnotapprovetheimprudentmannerinesIIattemptedtorestoreCatholicisminEngland.HealsorepeatedlyexpressedhisdispleasureatthesupportesIIgavetotheautocraticKingLouisXIVinhismeasureshostiletotheChurch.Itis,therefore,notsurprisingthatInnocentXIhadlittlesympathyfortheCatholicKingofEngland,andthathedidnotassisthiminhishouroftrial.Thereare,hoedofthedesignsIIIofEngland(1689¨C1702)haduponEngland,muchlessthathesupportedhimintheoverthroesII.[2]

ItanEstatesandKingJohnIIIofPoland(1674¨C96)in1683hastenedtothereliefofViennaHungary.HecontributedmillionsofscuditotheTurkishber6,1688.[2]

[edit]RelationsarkedbyacontinuousstruggleofLouisXIV.Asearlyas1673,theKinghadbyhisoblyoftheFrenchclergyousarticles,eknobly.[1]

ToappeasethePope,LouisXIVbegantoactasazealotofCatholicism.In1685LouisXIVrevokedtheEdictofNantesandinauguratedacruelpersecutionoftheProtestants.InnocentXIexpressedhisdispleasureatthesedrasticmeasuresandcontinuedtotheepiscopalcandidates.HeirritatedtheKingstillmorethatsameyearbyabolishingthemuchabusedrightofasylum,bybassadorsatRomehadbeenabletoharborintheirembassiesanycriminalbassador,MarquisdeLavardin,thathebassadorinRomeunlessherenouncedthisright,butLouisXIVedforceofabout800menLavardinenteredRomeinNovember1687,andtookforciblepossessionofhispalace.InnocentXItreatedhimasexcommunicatedandplacedunderinterdicttheChurchofSt.LouisatRomeber24,1687.[2]

[edit]Colognecontroversy

ThetensionbetEgonofF¨¹rstenberg,thenBishopofStrasbourg,andJosephClement,abrotherofMaxEmanuel,ElectorofBavaria.TheformerentasArchbishopandPrince－electorofColognepliedFrenchpreponderanceinnorth－any.JosephClementperorLeopoldIofAustria(1658¨C1705)butofallEuropeanrulers,esIIofEngland(1685¨C88).Attheelection,berofvotes.Thedecision,therefore,felltoInnocentXI,entasArchbishopandElectorofCologne.LouisXIVretaliatedbytakingpossessionofthepapalterritoryofAvignon,imprisoningthepapalnuncioandappealingtoageneralcouncil.NordidheconcealhisintentiontoseparatetheFrenchChurchentirelyfromRome.ThePoperemainedfirm.ThesubsequentfallofJamesIIinEnglanddestroyedFrenchpreponderanceinEuropeandsoonafterInnocentXI‘sdeath(1689)thestrugglebetonumenttoPopeInnocentXI,St.Peter‘sBasilica.InnocentXIdiedafteralongperiodofillhealthonAugust12,1689.

Thecaseforhiscanonizationedfromhistombforbeatification,onument(1697－1704)inSaintPeter‘sonnot.

[edit]onaldiandFrancescoSorti,intheirnovelImprimatur(2002),castadifferentandmorecontroversiallightonthatPope,buildingacaseagainsthiscanonization.Theydepictaselfishpolitician,betrayingtheRomanCatholicChurch‘sinterestsinthehopeofrecoveringapersonaldebt.Althoughthebookdoesnotpretendtobeofscholarlyvalue,anappendixofvariousnotesanddocumentsspanningaboutfortypagesattheendofthetextallothepublic－domainCatholicEncyclopediaof1913.